The aim of the present literature study was to describe the significant factors contributing to the development of moral distress and the consequences of moral distress can lead to in the nurse profession. A literature search was performed in the databases Medline through PubMed and Academic Search Elite on the basis of in advanced defined criterions. A total of 19 articles was reviewed and included in the study. The main result revealed that nurses experience moral distress and that it is frequent within the nurse profession. The findings revealed that there seem to be several significant factors in the development of moral distress, such as providing life-sustaining care, competing loyalties, conflicts with the physician, communication barriers, emotional barriers, cultural barriers, regulation and rules and working environment that gives the nurse difficult or unsolved ethical dilemmas.

Background: Moral distress is an increasing concern among nurses in their workplace. Previous research has suggested that moral distress is associated with ethical climate and job dissatisfaction. Economic restraints in the organization have led to loss of nurses from the workplace. Aim: To examine nurses experience of moral distress and their causes. Method: The study was a literature review. Twelve articles were used in the study.

Intensivvårdssjuksköterskor uttrycker upplevelser av moralisk stress i det dagliga arbetet och detta kan leda till utbrändhet eller behov av att byta yrke då de inte lyckas bemästra sin situation. Studiens syfte var att kartlägga moralisk stress hos intensivvårdssjuksköterskor med hjälp av Moral distress scale(MDS). Studien utfördes med en deskreptiv metod av tvärsnittsdesign där 45 sjusköterskor med intensivvårdsutbildning i västsverige tillfrågades att vid ett tillfälle besvara en enkät med en validerad svensköversatt MDS. Resultatet påvisade att det finns signifikant höga nivåer av moralisk stress hos intensivvårdssjuksköterskor yngre än 45 år(p=0,044) och även i gruppen med kandidat/-magisterexamen(p=0,003). De högsta nivåerna av moralisk stress kunde uppmätas när intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna ställdes inför situationer där de upplevde att ingen var beredd att fatta beslut om att avsluta livsuppehållande behandling.

En enkätundersökning genomfördes på 306 gymnasieelever. Syftet var att undersöka samband mellan empati/personal distress och bassjälvkänsla/förvärvad självkänsla. Studien visade att respondenter med hög förvärvad självkänsla har hög empati och personal distress. De med hög bassjälvkänsla känner mycket empati om den förvärvade självkänslan är hög. Respondenter med hög bassjälvkänsla och låg förvärvad känner dessutom lägre empati än de som har lågt i båda självkänslotyperna.

Background: Children frequently exhibit high levels of distress while undergoing routine blood sampling or injections. If the child is not treated with appropriate care, the feelings of distress may increase over time and result in needle-phobia. Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe nurses´ possibilities to relieve distress in children undergoing needle sticks. Method: A systematic literature review was conducted through database search and screening of reference lists. Ten research articles with a quantitative approach were included, coded for quality and then analyzed.

Being able to reflect, evaluate and justify your views is an important part of adult life. Moral education can be a path to develop this knowl-edge; however, it is possible that the moral education gets more obscure when it is not a separate subject. The purpose with this essay is to examine the need of moral education and the presence and the framing of moral education of seven teachers in religion. The purpose is also to analyse where and how the moral education should be included in the curriculum. The survey was conducted through qualitative interviews with a hermeneutic approach.

Syfte: Att undersöka i vilka situationer moralisk stress förekom hos sjuksköterskor inom somatisk vård och hur uppfattningen av moralisk stress påverkades av sjuksköterskans ålder och erfarenhet. Bakgrund: Moralisk stress hos sjuksköterskor uppkommer när de vet vad som borde göras, men strukturella, organisatoriska eller ekonomiska faktorer utgör ett hinder för att utföra rätt handling. Effekter av detta kan leda till dålig självkänsla, depression eller att arbetsplatsen lämnas. Metod: En litteraturstudie med granskning och bearbetning av tio kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar genomfördes. Resultat: Sjuksköterskor upplevde moralisk stress i samarbete med andra professioner samt vid samarbete inom den egna professionen. Moralisk stress upplevdes vid meningslöst vårdande som till exempel ineffektiv vård när läkaren gav inkompetent vård. Även vid meningslöst livsuppehållande vård upplevdes moralisk stress. I vissa etiska situationer och vid besparingar som innefattade personalbrist och kostnadsbesparingar, uppstod även moralisk stress.

Being able to reflect, evaluate and justify your views is an important part of adult life. Moral education can be a path to develop this knowl-edge; however, it is possible that the moral education gets more obscure when it is not a separate subject. The purpose with this essay is to examine the need of moral education and the presence and the framing of moral education of seven teachers in religion. The purpose is also to analyse where and how the moral education should be included in the curriculum. The survey was conducted through qualitative interviews with a hermeneutic approach.

Att vårda en närstående person med demens innebär en stor börda för anhörigvårdaren vilket kan resultera i psykisk ohälsa. Stöd är en viktig del för att minska bördan. Syftet med studien var att ur ett omvårdnadsperspektiv belysa anhörigas upplevelse av psykosocial börda och psykosocialt stöd vid vård av en person med demens i hemmet. Studien var en systematisk litteraturstudie som baserades på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar. I resultatet framkom att anhöriga som vårdar en person med demens upplevde en psykisk och fysisk börda.

The aim of this essay is to find out how students at Malmö University relate to moral responsibility in their private consumption. I am going to test moral theories in order to find out if researchers have a too moral starting point in comparison to everyday use. Through a critical research, free from valuation, I also aim to raise a discussion about moral responsibility which should lead to fair trade in the long run. My essay discusses the subject out of a Swedish city, Malmö - a place where many stores, cafés and restaurant are using moral responsibility as a step in their marketing. The results show that students are interested in morality but their financial conditions are their prior factor..

The purpose of our study is to get more knowledge about how moral dilemmas affect social workers in their work. This because we find that a big part of social work involves ethic reflections and that is why we find it important for social workers to have knowledge about how they should and can think and act in these situations. Ethic statements exist for social workers to use in their work but we haven?t found any guidelines for concrete situations and that?s why we decided to study this area. Questions we want to answer are how do the social workers define moral dilemmas in social work? How do the social workers deal with moral dilemmas in their work? How do moral dilemmas affect social workers in their work? This is a qualitative study with interviews from seven social workers from one social service office although they are from different units.

Purpose: To investigate if Altman´s Z´-score model, which calculates financial distress, can be applied on companies established in Sweden and if the financial crisis in 2008 made previously healthy companies go bankrupt.Methodology: Quantitative studies with a positivistic foundation. Empirical data will be collected in order to examine if there is generalizability among the studied objects. Conclusions will be made by comparing the empirical data with the theoretical foundation. Financial distress in firms will be measured.Theoretical perspectives: Altman´s Z´-score model, designed to predict financial distress in private firms.Empirical foundation: A selection of 93 private firms that have gone bankrupt in the years 2008, 2009 or 2010. The firms selected all have a turnover that exceeds 20 million SEK.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the status of Swedish real estate companies in terms of financial health and risk of financial distress. The background is the ongoing financial crisis, which partly can be derived from the American real estate sector. Publicly available accounting information from 16 listed real estate companies has been analyzed for a period of one year using financial ratios covering both the operational and financial activities. We find that the deceleration in the economy and in the real estate sector have forced the real estate companies to make large write downs, in line with the relatively new accounting rules, IFRS. Write downs are likely to reoccur during the following periods and real estate companies will therefore probably be forced to continue to show negative results.

A unified model of stress and affect consciousness was proposed. The connection between affect consciousness and perceived stress was studied. Teachers (n = 19) were interviewed using Monsens affect interview, followed one month later by a questionnaire containing Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S, STAI-T) and Twenty Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20).Statistical analysis showed no connections between level of total affect consciousness and perceived stress. Though there were some indications of a negative relationship between affect consciousness and trait anxiety. There were also indications, using a complementary analysis, of a connection between level of affect consciousness on the subscale distress in the interview and perceived stress.

Denna uppsats handlar om moral och moraliska val i västerländska RPG-dataspel. Uppsatsen granskar hanteringen av moral och moraliska val i tre spel: Baldur?s Gate 2 (Bioware 2000), Fallout 2 (Black Isle Studios 1999) och The Witcher (CD Projekt Red 2007). Förutom den kritiska granskningen finns det även med en intervjudel, där några speldesigners med erfarenhet av att göra spel med moraliska teman och val intervjuas om frågor relaterade till moral och moraliska val i spel. Uppsatsen kommer fram till ett antal resultat, bland annat vikten av konsekvenser, vikten av att val skall vara svåra och svårigheten med valfrihet i spel.